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_HE ORIGINAL KU KLUX KLAN 
AND ITS SUCCESSOR 



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l^ad at Stated Meeting of the 

MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF 
THE UNITED STATES 

COMMANDERY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

October 6, igii 



J 




"By 

COMPANION 

FIRST LIEUTENANT AND ADJUTANT 
DUNCAN C I^v^ILNER 

gSth Ohio Infantry, U. S. V. 






THE ORIGINAL KU KLUX KLAN 
AND ITS SUCCESSOR 



Fifty-six years ago the War of the RcbelHon. or the War 
for the preservation of the Union, closed its four years of 
slaughter and destruction. It has been said that no correct 
history of those eventful years can be written while those 
who participated are alive. Differences of oi)in!()n and dif- 
ferences of interpretation will abide. 

In recent years there seems to be a purpose to rewrite the 
history of the Civil War with a deeply partisan 1)ias in favor 
of the South. When the war closed in 1865 it found the 
South suffering much, because within its borders most of the 
battles had been fought, and of necessity the regions asso- 
ciated with the marching of the armies and the fighting, had 
much of the ruin and desolation associated with war. 

It is part of the glory of our country that the victorious 
government, with unparalleled magnanimity dealt so gener- 
ously with those who took up arms and forced the war to 
destroy the Union. There was no hanging or banishing the 
leaders and no confiscation of property, but there was com- 
plete amnesty and full restoration of i)oIitical rights. Slavery 
was destroyed as a result of the war. and it left in the South 
a large ])roportion of the white people chagrined and bitter 
over their defeat. As time has gone by. many of them do 
not hesitate to say that they are glad that the Union was 
preserved and that the slaves were freed. One of the most 
notorious of Southern fire-caters was U. S. Senator Ben 
Tillman, known as "Pitchfork Ren," of South Carolina. 
Shortly before his death he s])oke these words in the Sen- 
ate: "I never believed it possible that 1 could do it, but slow- 
ly and by degrees 1 have come to think that it was best for 
all concerned that the .South was defeated and for me to say 
it is a marvel to myself. Slavery was a curse which had to 
be destroyed ere the South and the North and the world 
could advance." A minority, however, have determined to 
try to create a sentiment that "the c.iu^^e for which the .South 
fought was ctern.illy right." 

( )ur Companion, Col. W. (I. I'entley, in his striking address 
"Under the Searchlight." .says: "Certain leaders entered up- 
on the camjKiign oi education [o show the 'justice of their 

bUnbwr 



murk midnight, in the hall of puhlic assembly, upon the 
river brink, on the lonelv woods-road, in simulation of the 
public executioti — shot, stabbed, hanged, drowned, mutilaled 
be\()nd description, tortiu'ed beyond conception. 

"And almost always by an unknown hand. Only the ter- 
rible, mysterious fact of death was certain. Accusatifjn by 
secret denunciation; sentence without hearing; execution 
without warning, mercy or appeal. In the deaths alone, ter- 
rible beyond utterance, but in the manner of death — the se- 
cret, intangible doom from which fate springs — more ter- 
rible still in the treachery which made a neighbor a disguised 
assassin — most horrible of all the feuds and hates which his- 
tory portrays. 

"And then the wounded — those who escaped the harder 
fate — the whipped, the mangled, the bleeding, and the torn ; 
men despoiled of manhood; women gravid with dead chil- 
dren ; bleeding backs, broken limbs ! Ah ! the woiuided in 
this silent warfare were more thousands than those who 
groaned upon the slopes of Gettysburg. 

"Dwellings, and schools, and churches burned; people 
driven from their homes and dwelling in the woods and 
fields. The poor, the weak, the despised, maltreated and 
persecuted — by whom? Always the same intangible pres- 
ence, the same invisible power. Well did it name itself 'Tlic 
Invisible Empire' Unseen and imknown. In one state, ten 
thousand ; and another, twenty thousand ; in another, forty 
thousand ; in all, an army greater than the Rebellion, from 
the moldering remains of which it sprung, could ever put in 
the field. An 'Invisible Empire,' with a trained and dis- 
ciplined army of masked midnight marauders, making war 
upon the weakling 'powers' which the Wise Men had set up 
in the lately rebellious territory." 

Is there any good reason why in the year 1921, forty years 
after the Ku Klux Klan was suppressed, its terrible record 
should be again repeated? An abundant apology for the 
review of this tragic history is the fact that misguided peo- 
ple have resurrected the name and many functions of the old 
Klan in a newly-organized society which has added to its 
anti-negro platform anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, and anti-alien 
born. It is to the credit of our country that there has come a 
loud protest from people both North and .South against any 
renewal of such an imlawful night-riding association witli 
its hypocritical profession of super-patriotism and its sup- 
planting the orderly administration of the courts. 

Many of the best white men and women of the South op- 
pose the new Klan because of personal knowledge of the old 



crowd, and denounced the exhibition as a damnable outrage, 
caricaturing history and helping to create further hatred and 
prejudice against the Negro and should be suppressed. The 
managers shut off the talk by getting the band to strike up 
its music. 

Air. Dixon acknowledged that part of the purpose of his 
book and of the play was to create and deepen the abhor- 
rence of the colored people. 

On account of its slanders upon the Union soldiers and its 
influence to intensify race hatred and prejudice the movie 
was not allowed to be shown in a number of cities and sev- 
eral states. It is said that some of the scenes have been 
eliminated. Dixon's story may have as an antidote another 
story written by Albion W. Tourgee, "A Fool's Errand, by 
One of the Fools." 

Judge Tourgee was an officer in the Union Army. After 
the war he settled in the South, bought property and 
planned to become a citizen and help build up a desolate 
country, and with no purpose of unfriendliness to the South- 
ern people. 

A Southern author wrote of Tourgee: 'Tie is a learned 
and laborious jurist and possesses literary gifts of a high 
order. His judicial career, in spite of abundant criticism, 
redounded to his credit and his greatest fault is disregard 
for the honest prejudices of the good people among whom 
he saw fit to cast his fortunes." 

Judge Tourgee says of "The Fool's Errand" : "The one 
merit which the story claims is that of honest, uncompro- 
mising truthfulness of portraiture. Its pictures are from 
life." This book, and the twelve volumes of the report of 
the Congressional committee appointed to investigate the 
"Ku Klux Klan" furnish abundant material for the strongest 
indictment that can truthfully be made against this secret 
society. 

Judge Tourgee said : "This new Reign oi Terror had come 
so stilly and cjuietly upon the world, that none realized its 
fearfulness and extent. At first a subject of careless laugh- 
ter, then contemptuous ridicule, and finally a question of in- 
credulous horrtjr." lie said the ])eople who were the chief 
sufferers were, in the main, humble people. Their wrongs 
were not told in the j)ul)lic j)ress. 

He sums up the history of the Klan in these words: 

"Of tile slain there were enough to furnish forth ;i battle 
field, and from all these three classes, the Negro, the scala- 
wag and the carpetbagger — all killed with deliberation, 
overwhelmed bv inimbers, roused from slumber and the 



on occasion, to their 'carpetbag' and 'scalawag' friends — 
these titles denoting respectively Northern and Sonthern 
men \vho took the Negroes' side. The very violence of the 
Order, which at last tnrned against it, the old Sonthrons 
themselves, hronght it into disrepnte with its original insti- 
tutors, who were not sorry when l*\'deral marshals i)nt np to 
it by President Grant, hunted den after den of the law- 
breakers to the death." 

Prof. Goldwin Smith, the distinguished English author, 
wrote "The United States," an outline of political history. 
1492-1871. After the Congressional plan of reconstruction 
passed, he said : "Ostensibly the Negro was master of the 
states ; but his utter ignorance, incapacity and credulity made 
him the dupe and tool of white adventurers from the North, 
named Carpetbaggers, who, in alliance with some apostate 
Southern whites named Scalawags, got the governments of 
a number of the Southern states into their hands. There en- 
sued a reign of roguery, jobbery and peculation under the 
military protection of the party dominating the North. States 
were loaded with debt and the money was stolen by the car- 
petbaggers. In the appointment of judges and the administra- 
tion of justice the same corruption prevailed. This was not 
the way to reconcile races. To wreak vengeance for their 
wrongs and avenge their pride thus wounded to the quick, 
the whites organized a secret society called the Ku-Klux- 
Klan, parties from which were sent forth by night and com- 
mitted horrible atrocities on the negroes. Like secret socie- 
ties in general, the Ku-Klux-Klan went beyond its original 
design, became the organ of private malice and inaugurated 
a reign of terror. At last the scandal of the system grew 
insuiTerable, military protection was withdrawn from the 
carpetbagging governments, which fell, and the whites were 
enabled to reinstate themselves in power. They did not fail, 
practically, to disfranchise the Negro, either by driving him 
from the polls' or refusing to count his vote. So it is still." 

It might be supposed that a society with such an infamous 
history would be allowed to remain in a dishonored grave. 
Recently, the name and the society has been resurrected. 
Some thirty years after the original Ku Klu.x Klan had been 
suppressed by the Federal authority by direction of Presi- 
dent Grant, there was published a novel by Thomas Dixon, 
called "The C lansman. ' It was one of a series of stories 
planned by the author to give a new version of events con- 
neced with the history of the Rebellion, especially relating 
to the Reconstruction period. Dixon had no personal knowl- 
edge of these events, as he was born in 1864. His father 



was a Confederate soldier, and a member of the Ku Klux 
Klan. He claims that his novel develops the true story of 
the Ku Klux Klan. In his preface he says he sought "to 
preserve both the letter and the spirit of this remarkable 
period." The book is an effort to glorify the Confederate 
attempt to destroy the Union. It caricatures the truth of 
history and also citizens of the Republic who were loyal. The 
author attempts to sugar-coat his false history by a flattering 
account of Abraham Lincoln as "The Friend of the South." 

"The Clansman" took a new lease of life by the creation 
of the remarkable moving picture film called "The Birth of 
a Nation," prepared by David Wark Griflfith, in collabora- 
tion with Dixon, and the book and the picture may be con- 
sidered together. They form a gross libel on the cause of 
the Union and upon many of the public leaders, and upon 
Union soldiers. Slavery was justified, the rebellion was 
right, and freedom for the Negro was a crime. 

Percy Hammond, in a review of "The Birth of a Nation'' 
at its first exhibition, said : "It would be more admirable as 
drama were it less partial as propaganda. Mr. Griffith, the 
son of a Confederate brigadier, explicitly sees the 'Lost 
Cause' as a hallowed one, with its followers suffering, not 
ignobly, the injustice and cruelty which are the prime at- 
tributes of most of their antagonists in the play. The Ku 
Klux, about the holiness of whose exploits historians (Presi- 
dent Wilson among them) express some doubts, are pictured 
as exalted seraphim, members of a righteous and indignant 
hierarchy who did no wrong. Sherman's army, on the other 
hand, is visualized as a drunken mob addicted to murder and 
rapine, pillaging a sweet and lovely countryside. The cap- 
tion to this episode infers a sneer at the 'great conqueror.' 
who marches to the sea while Southern women and children 
subtly brought into contrast are hungry and in tears. Lee is 
to Grant as Hyperion to a wharf rat and Thaddeus Stevens 
— at his worst an honest big(jt — is presented as an evil and 
carnal niisceganist with a mulatto sweetheart." 

Mr. Hammond said: "1 confess the prejudice of ime 
whose father and grandfather marched with Sherman to the 
sea. and whose best boyhood friend was the statesman who 
ilrafled the [''ourtcenth .Xmendmenl." lie also says at llu- 

exhibitiitn of "'ihe I'irlh of a .\ali(»n, Ihe crowd cheeretl 

the .St.'irs and P)ars and was not moved by the .Stars and 
.Stri])es. It a])|)lautle(l 'l)i\ie' and greeted '.Marching 
1 Inough (ieorgi.i' with silence." The writer of this paper 
witnessed the early exhibition of this picture at the Illinois 
theater, rmd ;it the close spoke from the balcony to the great 



As to the sins of the carpetbagger he is eloquent, but ex- 
pressed Httle appreciation of the anti-slavery spirit. 

Mr. Wilson, however, felt the compulsion to denounce the 
Ku Klux Klan while giving some apologies for some of its 
work. 

He said "it became the chief object of the night-riding 
comrades to silence or drive from the country the principal 
mischief makers of the reconstruction regime, whether white 
or black." 

In carrying out their plans violence was their favorite 
method and Mr. Wilson says "houses were surrounded in 
the night and burned and the inmates shot as they fled, as 
in the dreadful days of border warfare. Men were dragged 
from their houses and tarred and feathered. Some who de- 
fied the vigilant visitors came mysteriously to some sudden 
death." He also said that the Ku Klux made no nice dis- 
crimination in favor of the men and women who came solely 
and unselfishly to help the Negro, and charged that those who 
came upon an errand of mercy and humanity had bitter 
thoughts toward the white people. 

Mr. Wilson summed up the work of the Klan in these 
words, "brutal crimes were committed ; the innocent suffered 
with the guilty, a reign of terror was brought on and society 
was infinitely more disturbed than defended." 

James Ford Rhodes has written the "History of the 
United States— 1850 to 1877." 

Prof. Dodd, of the University of Chicago, and an open 
sympathizer with the South, acclaims ^Ir. Rhodes as the 
great historian of our day. It seems to me that Mr. Rhodes 
has large sympathy with the South. He gives considerable 
space to the "Ku Klux Klan," and says, "its object was to 
intimidate the negroes from voting, to terrify them into good 
behavior and make them amenable in the matter of industry 
to the whites." 

He says, also, when the Negroes realized that they owed 
their freedom to the North and it was evident that their 
former masters as a mass had no sympathy with any of their 
ambitions, it was natural that they went with the carpet- 
baggers. 

In the reports of the racial conflicts in almost all cases the 
results showed that Negroes alone were killed and wounded. 

Many Southern reports of outrages held the Negroes and 
carpetbaggers alone responsible. Mr. Godkin, editor of the 
Nation, ridiculed these Southern versions of the outrages, by 
paraphrasing Artemus Ward's account of a fearful thrash- 



ing he once administered to a very powerful antagonist, with 
whom he grappled at a railroad station. 

"According to Mr. Ward he grappled with his antagonist 
and violently dashed him to the ground, himself iniderneath ; 
then he got his enemy's hand lirmly twisted in his hair. The 
foe still showing some signs of activity, Mr. Ward inserted 
a piece of his cheek hetween the foe's teeth and kept it there 
for some time, after which his antagonist slunked off, having 
ineffectually as a last resort jumped up and down on the 
triumphant showman's stomach. The ht)rrible outrages at 
the South are done in plain imitation of Ward and result in 
victories of an entirely similar character." 

This sarcastic account of Mr. Godkin is entirely appropri- 
ate to many of the outrages charged against the Negroes 
from that day to our own. 

Dr. E. Benjamin Andrews, in his "History of the United 
vStates — 1870 to 1895," gives this picture of the "Ku Klux 
Klan :" 

"The chief instrumentality at first used for keeping col- 
ored voters from the polls was the Ku KIu.k Klan, a secret 
society organized in Tennessee in 1866. It sprung from the 
old night patrol of slavery times. Then, every Southern 
gentleman used to serve on this patrol, whose duty it was to 
whip severely every Negro found absent from home without 
a pass from his master. Its first l^ost bcllidn work was not 
ill meant, and its severities came on gradually. Its greatest 
activity was in Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi, where 
its awful mysteries and gruesome rites spread utter panic 
among the superstitious blacks. Men visited Negroes' huts 
and 'munimicked' about at first with sham magic, not witli 
arms at all. One would carry a flesh bag in the shape of a 
heart and go around 'hollering for fried nigger's meat.' 
Another would put on an India-rubber stomach to startle the 
negnt by swallowing jjailfuls of water, .\nother represent- 
ing that he had hem killed at Manassas, since which time 
'.someone had built a turnpike over his grave and he h.id to 
scratch like hell to get up through the gravel.' The lodges 
were 'dens' ; the members 'ghouls' ; 'giants,' 'goblins,' 'titans,' 
'furies,' 'dragons' and 'hydras,' were names of ditlerent 
classes among the ofiicers. 

"Usually the mere existence of a Men" anywhere was suffi- 
cient to nnder docile every Negro in llu- vicinity. If more 
were recpiired, a half do/en 'ghouls,' making their nocturnal 
rounds in their hideous masks and long, white gowns, fright- 
ened all but the most hardy. Any who showed light were 
whipped, maimed or killed, tre;itinent which was extended. 



As a result of their failure to use these early opportunities 
to give the Negro a chance and also to seek their own best 
interests, new and extreme legislation was enacted, and then 
came the sad Reconstruction days, when "carpetbaggers" 
used the ignorant negro as a means to get power and gain. 

The South determined to sacrifice everything rather than 
allow the ex-slaves a reasonal)le exercise of their rights and 
liberties, and they helped to bring upon themselves the dark 
days of anarchy and robbery. A prominent advocate of the 
rights of the Negro wrote: "The memory of those frightful 
carpetbag days still haunts the South and stands today as 
the most persuasive arguments against the extension of ne- 
gro suffrage. * * * Had the Southern whites them- 
selves undertaken patiently and courageously the political 
leadership of the colored people instead of sulking in their 
tents like the Homeric Achilles and leaving them a prey to 
the unscrupulous adventurers who swarmed from the 
North like vultures, the story of this epoch of Negro domina- 
tion would have been far different." 

A Negro finely educated, and standing high among the 
leaders of his race, writes about these sad times as follows : 

"During those dark years the blacks were nuich more 
sinned against than sinning. They were sinned against by 
their white leaders who, in the main, used them to advance 
their personal and party interest and who employed the posi- 
tions they thus gained to steal the people's money to enrich 
themselves at the expense of the states. There were colored 
leaders who followed closely in the footsteps of the white 
leaders in perverting public trusts to corrupt ends, but the 
chief malefactors, the biggest scoundrels, were members of 
the white race. In these circumstances the blacks were the 
helpless victims of the misrule of their own leaders and of 
the organized lawlessness of the Southern whites. * * * 
Nor did they get any training in personal and civic right- 
eousness from their own leaders of either race. For these 
leaders initiated them promptly by the power of exami)le. 
into the great and tloiu-ishing American art and industry of 
graft." 

In connection with the troubles of the Reconstruction days 
a number of secret societies were formed, among them the 
"Knights of the White Camellia," the "Pale Faces," the 
"Constitutional Union Guards," the "White Brotherhood." 
With similar purpose, but in the end supplanting all the rest, 
there came into existence the "Ku Klux Klan," an "Invisible 
Empire of the South." 

Its original organization was in the village of Pulaski, 
Tenn., and its brst purpose was simply as a club for associa- 



tioii and amusement. It was soon discovered that by means 
of the secrecy of their society, the mysteries as to the times 
and places of their meetings, their disguises and parades 
when their companies rode out in the night with their white 
masks and tall cardboard hats ; and men and horses sheeted 
in ghostly covering, and with horses' feet muffled so that 
they could move in almost complete silence, they became a 
source of terror, especially to the ignorant and superstitious 
negroes. It was soon recognized as a new machine for 
political power. The organization multiplied in a number 
of states and became a great source of lawlessness, outrage 
and terrorism. In the published plans of the Klan they de- 
clared their purposes to be "to protect the people from indig- 
nities and wrongs, to succor the suffering, particularly the 
families of dead Confederate soldiers, to enforce what they 
chose to recognize as the real laws of the states." 

They also audaciously added "to defend the Constitution 
of the United States and all laws in conformity thereto." 

Such an unlicensed power could not be kept in control, 
and it inaugurated a reign of terror in many parts of the 
South. 

The distinguished Negro from whom we have already 
quoted, said : "When Congress intervened by its reconstruc- 
tion measures to defeat the reactionary program of the 
South, there swept over that section a crime-storm of dev- 
astating fury. The old master class organized their pur- 
pose in respect to the Negro and their hatred of everything 
Northern into a secret society known as the "Ku Klux 
Klan." which was nothing else than a gigantic conspiracy 
for the conunission of crime. Lawlessness and violence 
tilled the land and terror stalked abroad by day and night. 
The Ku Klux Klan burned and nun-dered by day and it 
burned and murdered by night. The Southern states had 
actually relapsed into barbarism. During that period a new 
generation was conceived and born to the South of both 
races that was literally conceived in lawlessness and born in- 
to crime producing conditions. Lawlessness was its inher- 
itance and the red splotch of violence its birthmark. * * " 
'JV> the carpetbag governments belongs, however, the intro- 
ducti(jn into the South for the first time the I'ublic School, 
with the right of eacli child in tlu- state, regardless of race 
and ^olor, to an education at the hands of the state." 

W'oodrow Wilson, in liis "History of the .American Peo- 
ple," leans very strongly in favor of his native and beloved 
.South. I le has little to say as to the wrt>ng of slavery or its 
terrible mi<cliii'f bri-eding inHuenci' ui)on the Anurican Re- 
public. 



cause' and the injustice of the National Government." In 
face of Abraham Lincoln's Christian spirit which found true 
expression in his saying "with malice toward none and char- 
ity for all,'' and Gen. Grant's generous treatment of the con- 
quered at Appomattox, there has been an expressed purpose 
to show that "Reconstruction in the broken South was cruel 
beyond anything modern history has known." 

Emancipation left more than 3,000,000 of the colored peo- 
ple residents of the South. In the days of slavery the two 
races could dwell together in peace because of the absolute 
subjection of the Negro as a chattel. Freedom brought new 
relations and new problems. The Reconstruction period had 
many dreadful and shameful chapters. It is not true, how- 
ever, that the people of the North through their officials 
sought to be revenged upon the conquered people and to de- 
prive them of their rights. There were many Northern 
people who sympathized with the South before, during and 
after the war and they had organizations that were at times 
a serious menace to the Union cause. The people who loved 
the Union and gave their fathers and sons and fortunes to 
preserve it, naturally rejoiced at the end of the horrors of 
war, but they had no purpose to seek revenge. The evils of 
the Reconstruction period were not from the deliberate pur- 
pose of the triumphant nation. Honest efforts were made 
to readjust the affairs of the secession states. If Abraham 
Lincoln had been allowed to continue as the Chief Magis- 
trate of the nation some of the evils and conflicts might have 
been avoided. 

Many students of the period believe that if the leading 
whites of the South had tried with sincerity and patience to 
give the lately freed slaves their new rights guaranteed by 
the Constitution they could have saved this ignorant people 
from the unscrupulous adventurers who used the negro only 
for power and money. 

The leaders whose fortunes had been built up by the un- 
paid work of their slaves, and whose families had been sup- 
ported and cared for, while their masters were seeking to 
rivet more securely the fetters that enslaved them, could 
have led their former slaves and continued their friendly re- 
lations. 

In the bitterness of their defeat they refused to use moral 
force to uplift and make the most of the unfortunate race 
whose presence here was brought about by the white people 
only. 

The nation owed a duty to the frccdmen. They were en- 
titled to protection and care, and so for this purpose, by con- 



Lurvnn I ur <-UN(jKtiib 



• • , , ,,,-,• 013 744 656 P ^ 

stitutional aniendinenls and by legislation, pruviMun was 

made to secure their rights. The ex-slaveholding leaders 
refused to help in the work of giving the colored citizens 
their rights, hut used many forms of l)rute force to retain 
white supremacy. 

As soon as these ex-Con federate leaders had political 
power restored to them in their states they immediately 
passed laws reducing the Negroes to practical slavery. The 
black codes of slavery days were re-enacted. Men were to 
be sold for the crime of being out of work. These reaction- 
ary measures forced the party in power to devise mcasiu'es 
to secure the liberty of the freedmen. 

The giving the negro the right of suffrage was not done as 
a matter of revenge, but was a sincere purpose on the part 
of most of the white leaders to give the black man a right to 
the privileges of citizenship. It may have been a mistake, 
but a more serious mistake was withholding from this igno- 
rant race education and the training that would come from 
the exercising of civil and political rights. 

At the close of the war many Northern soldiers were at- 
tracted by the Southern climate and decided to settle there 
and build up homes. They had no plans against the people 
of that section. Efforts were made hy many of the best peo- 
ple of the North to help the Negro. There was no purpose 
to put him above the white. Schools were founded by the 
hVeedmen's Bureau and by missionary societies. All of 
such efforts were distasteful to the Southern leaders, and 
they would iK)t look favorably upon anything undertaken by 
"'S'ankees." If the ex-slaveholders had desired peaceful 
methods, and had wished to do real justice to the Negro they 
could have done so by kindly dealing and the spirit of help- 
fulness. Instead of welcoming bona fide settlers who had 
no other purpose than to be helpful citizens and establish 
their liomes and their business, they treated them with sus- 
])icion and refused to join with unselfish white j)eople who 
wanted to help rebuild the country wasted by the war. In 
many cases these new settlers were so subject to suspicion 
and abuse that they gave up their i)roperty at great loss and 
returned to the North. In cases of many who tried to re- 
main, they were sul)ject to petty per.secution and even to 
violence that resulted in burning of their homes and even in 
loss of their lives. 

'i'eachers in Negro sciiools who had nothing but the best 
purposes, were treated as social pariahs, schoolhou^es were 
burned, some teachers lost their lives, and many others Hed 
from ])eril. 



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